Adipose tissue not only stores lipids but also functions as an endocrine gland, thereby modulating metabolism through the release of hormones such as leptin, adiponectin, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as glycerol and NEFAs. INSULIN RESISTANCE AND OBESITY Obesity is one of the most critical factors in the development of different metabolic diseases. This study is the first to comprehensively explore these connections, adding to the existing literature and providing new insights into the therapeutic potential of taurine. We explore the underlying mechanisms of taurine’s action and highlight its bridging role in balancing obesity and diabetic complications. This narrative review examines the relationships among obesity-induced insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, the development of T2D, and the potential therapeutic effects of taurine in addressing these metabolic disorders. Despite these discrepancies, the potential benefits of taurine on various bodily systems, as highlighted in this review, suggest that it may be a promising candidate for diabetes management. Clinical studies, however, have yielded conflicting results, with some showing no significant effects of taurine supplementation on metabolic syndrome or T2D. Preclinical studies have shown that taurine supplementation can improve glucose tolerance, insulin secretion, and sensitivity in animal models of T2D. These findings indicate that taurine deficiency may contribute to diabetes in individuals with limited taurine bioavailability. Hansen suggested that elevated sorbitol levels within cells can contribute to taurine reduction. This can be attributed to decreased activity of taurine transporters due to high glucose concentrations. observed increased renal excretion of dietary taurine compared to intestinal absorption, leading to reduced taurine levels in the liver. Insufficient taurine levels have been linked to diabetes, as studies have reported low plasma taurine concentrations in individuals with diabetes. Dietary intake is necessary to maintain taurine levels since its natural production in the body is relatively low. ![]() It constitutes about 0.1% of human body weight and plays vital roles in anti-oxidation, osmoregulation, calcium ion regulation, cell membrane stabilization, and inflammation. Taurine is a semi-essential amino acid with sulfur content. Free circulating non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs) play a significant role in β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. However, when β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin, obesity-related insulin resistance can lead to the development of T2D, even in individuals with normal glucose levels. This is because the pancreas compensates for the reduced insulin efficiency caused by insulin resistance, thereby maintaining normal glucose levels. While obesity and T2D are commonly associated with insulin resistance, some individuals with insulin resistance do not experience high blood sugar levels. ![]() Obesity is closely linked to long-term health problems, particularly type 2 diabetes (T2D), which currently affects around 171 million people worldwide, with projections suggesting an increase to 366 million by 2030. In the United States, only approximately one-third of adults have a normal weight, and this trend has also been observed worldwide. INTRODUCTION The global rise in obesity rates is a concerning contemporary issue.
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