You learn an additional warlock cantrip of your choice at 10th level. ![]() You learn two cantrips of your choice from the warlock spell list. The spells you can learn can be found on the Warlock spell list.Ĭantrips. When you reach 3rd level, you can augment your combat techniques with the ability to cast spells. The choice you make augments some of your subclass features, as noted below. The Archfey, the Fiend, or the Great Old One When you reach 3rd level, you strike a bargain with an otherworldly being of your choice: Otherworldly Patron We won’t be able to answer every question but we will do our best.Source: DND Beyond Profane Soul Spellcasting Hello, curious kids! Have you got a question you’d like an expert to answer? Ask an adult to send your question to Please tell us your name, age, and which city you live in. But the lightning South Africans experience is still only a third of what is found in the world’s lightning hotspot: the mountains of Uganda, Rwanda and Democratic Republic of Congo. You can then work out whether the storm is getting closer to you (if the time difference is getting shorter) or further away (if the time difference is getting longer).Ī city like Johannesburg in South Africa has thunderstorms in the summer. (The top speed for cars on most highways is 120 km an hour.) The difference between the speed of light and the speed of sound can be used to estimate how far away the lightning is.Ī good experiment is to slowly count the seconds between a lightning flash and when you hear the roll of thunder. Thunder is formed when air molecules rapidly expand, forming a sound shock wave that travels through the atmosphere at the speed of sound, much faster than a plane can fly.īut the lightning flash travels much quicker than thunder, at the speed of light – that’s 300,000 km per second. You’ll also have noticed that thunder and lightning happen together. This huge amount of energy is why lightning can cause so much damage when it strikes. A single lightning flash lasts for only around 0.0001 seconds but can reach temperatures of up to 30,000☌: five times hotter than the surface of the Sun. This flow of energy is shown as a lighting flash. If the charge difference is big enough, electrical energy suddenly flows from one place to another. There are also differences in electrical charges between the bottom of the cloud and the land surface. ![]() The heavier liquid water droplets fall to the bottom of the cloud.īecause ice crystals and water droplets have different electrical charges, the tops and bottoms of storm clouds develop different patterns of charges as the storm cloud gets bigger. These are lighter than liquid drops of water, so they get pushed up to the top of the cloud. If the air is cold enough, water droplets inside the clouds can freeze into ice crystals. Once the clouds have formed, the air currents keep rising. This is what makes the dark heavy cloud shapes you see when a storm is brewing. Storm clouds reach high in the atmosphere and are spread sideways by the wind. As air rises, moisture condenses and clouds begin to form. We know that air is moving around because we can feel it - this is wind. ![]() Clouds are formed when air rises upwards in the atmosphere, cooling as it goes. Lightning happens when air moves around in the atmosphere, forming thunderclouds.ĭark clouds are the first visible sign that a storm is coming. It’s also useful to know what lightning is – understanding something can make it seem less scary. If you are inside, stay away from windows, doors, metal objects and water (including taps) ĭon’t use electrical equipment (including phones). ![]() If you are outside, keep on low ground and stay away from trees, poles and water. There is no scientific evidence that any of these things make you safer from lightning.īut there are some practical things you can do to keep safe when lightning strikes. Some people believe that lightning can be prevented by planting certain trees or shrubs near the house, covering mirrors, or placing car tyres on the house roof. Many different cultural traditions believe that lightning is caused by gods or spirits. But there are also ways you can protect yourself to avoid lightning. So there are many reasons to be careful when there’s a big storm. In South Africa, around 250 people are killed every year, mainly in rural areas where there’s little protection when storms take place. No one knows how many people are killed every year by lightning, but it could be up to tens of thousands worldwide. Lightning can also be dangerous for people.
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